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Objective To understand the correlation between atmospheric particulate matter and confirmed cases of influenza in Pudong New Area, Shanghai, and to provide a basis for formulating relevant control measures. Methods The meteorological factors (average temperature, relative humidity, and atmospheric pressure), atmospheric pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, and O3) and confirmed cases of influenza of different ages and genders from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2018 were collected. Data was fitted to a generalized additive model of Poisson distribution to assess the correlation between atmospheric particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10) and the number of confirmed cases of influenza. Results There was a correlation between atmospheric particulate matter and the number of confirmed cases of influenza in Pudong New Area. For each increase of 10 μg/m3 in the concentration of the two types of particulate matter, the confirmed cases increased by 0.638% (95%CI: 0.413%~0.864%), and 0.520% (95%CI: 0.324%~0.715%), respectively, when the lag was 0-7d (lag07). People of different ages and genders were affected by atmospheric particulate matter differently. After incorporating the effects of SO2, NO2, CO, and O3 in the multi-pollutant model, the effect of atmospheric particulate matter on the number of influenza cases had changed. Conclusion The increase of atmospheric particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10) concentration increased the number of confirmed cases of influenza in Pudong New Area.
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Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of norovirus infectious diarrhea in Pudong New Area of Shanghai, and to provide reference for prevention and control of diarrhea caused by norovirus. Methods Epidemiological data and stool samples from diarrhea cases of 15 hospitals in 2015-2019 years were collected. The two subtypes of norovirus G I and G II were detected by RT-PCR and analyzed. Results A total of 9 397 diarrhea samples were collected in 2015-2019 years, and 1 938 positive norovirus samples were detected, with a positive rate of 20.62%. The majority of serotypes were GII (88.60%). Diarrhea caused by norovirus occurs all year round, with high incidence season in 2-3and 10-12 months every year. There was no significant difference in the positive rate of norovirus between different sexes（χ2=2.611，P=0.106）. The positive rate of the 15-64 year old group was higher than that of the 0-14 year old group and the 65 year old and above group（χ2=153.634，P<0.001）. The highest positive rate was for cadres /worker/ business services / teachers / medical staff / drivers. The positive rate of norovirus in diarrhea cases with vomiting was significantly higher than that in patients without vomiting. Conclusions Diarrhea caused by norovirus is related to season, age and occupation. Because there is no effective antiviral drugs and vaccine prevention, continuous monitoring should be carried out and targeted preventive measures should be carried out according to epidemiological characteristics.
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Objective@# To compare the morphology of the crown roots of upper and lower canines in patients with skeletal Class Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ malocclusions by CBCT and to provide guidance for the clinical treatment of orthodontics. @*Methods@#Randomly selected patients with permanent occlusal malocclusion who had undergone CBCT and X-ray skull lateral radiographs were Classified according to the ANB angle size: group Ⅰ, group Ⅱ, and group Ⅲ. Three-dimensional reconstruction was used to obtain the median sagittal section images of the right upper and lower canines. The crown root angle, crown root deflection distance, and lip tangent angle at the center of the clinical crown were used as indicators for measurement and analysis with the use of AutoCAD software.@*Results @#The difference in the crown-root skew distance between different sagittal face types, including upper canines (F=3.335, P=0.042), lower canines (F=3.745, P=0.029) crown root angles and upper canines (F=3.312, P=0.043), and lower canines (F=3.641, P= 0.032), was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The crown root angle of the maxillary canine in group Ⅰ was larger than that in group Ⅱ, and the deflection distance of the crown root was negative and the absolute value was lager in group Ⅰ than in group Ⅱ (P < 0.05). The deflection distance was positive and greater in group Ⅲ than in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the maxillary canine crown-labial tangent angle between the different sagittal facial misalignment groups (P > 0.05).@*Conclusion@#Differences in the morphology of canines were found among subjects with skeletal Class Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ malocclusions. The root of the upper canine in Class Ⅰ malocclusions was relatively closer to the labial side of the crown than that in Class Ⅱ malocclusions. The root of the lower canine in Class Ⅲ malocclusions was the closest to the lingual side of the crown among the three Classes.
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Objective To understand the spatial epidemic characteristics of hand-foot-mouth disease in Pudong New Area of Shanghai from 2015 to 2018, and to provide reference for prevention and control. Methods SPSS 21.0 software was used for statistical analysis of the reported incidence of hand-foot-mouth disease, ArcGIS 10.2 software was used to make geographic distribution map, and OpenGeoDa software was used to make spatial autocorrelation analysis. Results The global Moran's I autocorrelation coefficient of the reported incidence rate of hand-foot-mouth disease in various streets and towns in Pudong New Area of Shanghai was 0.38, which was statistically significant (P=0.001). Local spatial autocorrelation analysis found that 5 streets were in high-high area. Conclusion The geographical distribution of reported incidence of hand-foot-mouth disease in various streets and towns of Pudong New Area in Shanghai was spatially aggregated, and the reported incidence decreased from north to south.
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Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of common respiratory viruses among influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) in Pudong New Area, Shanghai , so as to help estimate the disease burden and conduct the valuable control strategies . Methods Respiratory specimen ( throat swab or sputum ) from cases older than 65 years old with ILI/SARI were collected from outpatient and inpatient settings in four sentinel hospitals in Pudong New Area . Each specimen was tested by multiplex PCR for eight target viral etiologies , including influenza virus , human rhinoviruses ( HRV ) , human para-influenza virus ( PIV ) , adenoviruses ( ADV ) , respiratory syncytial virus ( RSV ) , human metapneumovirus ( hMPV ) , human coronavirus ( hCoV ) and human bocavirus ( hBoV) .Chi-square tests or Fisher's Exact Test were used to compare and analyze . Results From January 1st, 2014 to June 30st, 2016, a total of 363 elderly cases with ILI/SARI were enrolled, with 202 (55.65%) male and a median age of 70 years old.142(39.12%) patients were detected posi-tive for any one of the eight viruses.Influenza was the predominant virus (20.94%, 76/363), with the positive proportion of ( 29 .83%) among ILI cases and ( 12 .09%) among SARI cases .The Influenza infection presented two seasonal peaks in winter ( December to February ) and summer ( July to September ) . Conclusion Influenza is identified as the leading viral pathogen both among ILI and SARI cases older than 65 years old, and two seasonal epidemic peaks areobserved in Shanghai .Influenza vacci-nation strategy should be advocated for the elderly population in Shanghai .